Tensile, Yield, Residual Stress, Fracture Toughness | NDT Mechanical Properties Analysis
LPR’s nondestructive NDT inspection and testing units help insure that materials used in high stress applications meet ever increasing technical standards and regulatory requirements when new and remain stable throughout their service life.
As material ages, mechanical, chemical, and thermal effects cause its dimensions, shape, and internal structure to change. Unchecked, these changes degrade the safety of the material and shorten its useful life. Companies have to assess these changes with either destructive tests or LPR Global’s NDT equipment, which can be used on-site.
LPR Global offer equipment which makes use of Instrumented Indentation Technology (depth indentation). This NDT equipment is ideal for API pipe inspections and inspections related to PHMSA tensile and yield strength properties testing.
Operators can attach strength information to each section of the pipe to determine where and when pipe repairs are required.
Some oil&gas pipes are old enough to not have any records of grades used, IIT method is ideal for material and grade verification as it does not require a need to know pipe grades.
Our nondestructive NDT testing and inspection machines, equipment, and tools assist you in getting accurate data on the soundness of all materials. With automated operation and reporting users can acquire an accurate evaluation of all material property changes over time, to ensure that your plant, equipment, and everything you produce will run safely and economically for the expected design life.
Comparison of IIT Method Results with Destructive Tensile Tests
Measuring stress strain points using the depth-load indentation method at 15 points, IIT equipment allows to build a stress strain curve which is used to obtain yield stress and tensile strength.
In-field accuracy of results when compared to the destructive tests is less than 10% deviation. Normally, 3%-5% deviation is standard for the IIT method.
NDT testing and inspection equipment provides flexibility to gather accurate, timely material data to lessen the likelihood of sudden, expensive, and potentially disastrous material failures.
Instrumented Microindentation Study on Long-term Aged Materials
AIS series nondestructive NDT testing and inspection equipment offer many advantages over competitive material analysis system offerings. Our nondestructive NDT testing and inspection machine offer functionality and custom software that are field upgradeable; so setup is easy and convenient. Testing methods and analytical results comply with ISO standards.
NDT Equipment for Nuclear and Power Plant Applications
Our state-of-the-art nondestructive NDT inspection and testing machines are compact, portable, operate in-field, and easy to use.
Our NDT inspection and testing machines provide information on material properties such as tensile strength, metal hardness, elasticity, transformation, fracture toughness, and residual stress. Specimens remain in place during testing and are undamaged at test completion.
Unlike conventional mechanical testing (which destroys the test sample), the AIS nondestructive inspection and testing machines leave only a tiny depth sensing indentation mark; the material’s properties and operating characteristics are unchanged.
Gas Mega Rule | Mega Rule Material Verification Technology
Currently, all pipelines constructed before 1970 are required to have TVC (Traceable, Verifiable and Complete) records of material tensile strength and yield stress. Interstate and intrastate pipeline owners are required to update incomplete records as far back as 1940s.
With a possibility to collect real-time information for previously non-regulated pipelines, operators of equipment will be able to assess and rank risks, improve pipeline safety, and gather information required for the regulatory inspections, including Gas Major Pipeline Safety Rule.
Such assessments involve increased reporting and safety as per 192.607 for traceability and material verification technology through non-destructive technologies.
In a recent report prepared by the Gas Technology Institute (GTI) named “Validating Non-Destructive Tools for Surface to Bulk Correlations of Yield Strength, Toughness, and Chemistry” accuracy and effectiveness of Frontics AIS indentation technology are evaluated and tested. In this research, GTI’s optimum causal models combined with the Frontics AIS technology data achieved a 95% confidence level in ultimate tensile strength and yield strength predictions by overlapping yield and ultimate tensile strength from lab tests across the entire pipe sample DOE on non-seamless pipes, including pipes with long seam welds like ERW and SAW.
Frontics’ equipment is recognized as an accurate, efficient, and cost-effective tool for material property confirmations of service pipelines to meet the new DOT/PHMSA regulations that require operators to backfill their material property records for older pipeline segments.
Frontics AIS Non-destructive NDT Testing and Inspection Equipment Benefits
The AIS Nondestructive NDT Testing and Inspection Equipment series is:
Compared with expensive and disruptive destructive testing methods, our AIS series nondestructive NDT equipment and portable NDT tools generate accurate test results that meet ISO and KEPIC standards.
We offer six nondestructive NDT inspection and testing unit models, including the AIS3000 (residual stress, tensile strength testing), the AIS2100 (tensile strength testing), AIS3000 Compact (tensile stress and residual stress testing).
Tensile Strength, Yield Stress NDT Inspection | AIS2100 NDT
Testing for tensile properties can now be done accurately and non-destructively with the AIS2100. This nondestructive NDT inspection and testing unit is easy to transport and use in the field, obtaining precise load and depth data continuously with real time reporting.
Each test takes less than 3 minutes to perform per point. Each inspected area is recommended to be tested for 3-5 indentation points. On average, it takes 2-3 hours to perform a test on one API pipe and 5 various locations. Test results are generated instantly.
In-field AIS2100 series generates an indentation load depth curve used to show tensile properties such as flow curve, yield strength, tensile strength, and work hardening exponent.
The AIS2100 nondestructive NDT inspection and testing machine has a high power motor and high-strength decelerator and precisely controls moving parts and speed. It comes with multiple indenters for Rockwell A/C/D and Vickers hardness measurement.
This complete nondestructive NDT inspection machine package includes mounting hardware for various test sites including: mechanical chain, u-block, v-block, and flat and curved magnets. All indentation components and custom software for analysis and reporting are also provided.
The advantages of the AIS2100 nondestructive NDT Inspection Machine include:
Tensile Strength | Yield Stress
Tensile strength and yield stress AIS2100 NDT Inspection Machines in action in laboratories and in-field sites:
Tensile Stress and Yield strength AIS2100 Nondestructive (NDT) Testing Equipment Specification
Size | 180 x 180 x 430 mm (14 kg) | ||
Maximum Load | 300 kgf | ||
Resolutions (Load / Depth) | 100 gf / 0.2um | ||
Full Stroke | 40 mm | ||
Loading rate | 0.05 - 30 mm / min | ||
Communication | RS-422 | ||
Data acquisition rate | 30 / sec | ||
Adapter | AC 110 V - 220 V | AC 110 - 220 V (free voltage) | |
Battery | Portable battery (Lasts for 10 hrs) | ||
Standard | Lap-top PC (w / SW) | Lap-top PC (w / SW) | |
Special | Rugged Computer (Optional) | ||
WC spherical indenter (Dia. 0.5 / 1.0 mm) Vickers, Rockwell C indenter | WC spherical Indenter (Dia. 0.5 / 1.0 mm) Vickers Indenter | ||
(Select or option) | Field | Multicurve magnet Flat magnet Light-weight mechanical chain U / V-block (- 6 inch) | |
Laboratory | Precise X-Y axis stage Various vises (plate / clamping jig) | Precise X-Y axis stage Various vises (plate /c lamping jig) |
Residual Stress, Tensile Strength | AIS2100
AIS2100 | Yes | N/A | Extra payment Required for this Option | Extra payment Required for this Option |
AIS2100 Nondestructive Testing & Inspection Machine | Instrumented Indentation Technique ITT
In-field Testing Procedure Software | AIS Nondestructive Testing and Inspection Equipment
Residual Stress, Fracture Toughness Measurement | AIS3000 | NDT
The AIS3000 nondestructive testing equipment uses the Instrumented Indentation Technique to obtain data for residual stress, yield strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus.
The AIS3000 nondestructive testing and inspection machine can evaluate residual stress from welds or structures and equipment. With an indentation of less than 150µm, the AIS3000 provides non-destructive, accurate, and repeatable results.
With its portability, ease of use, and wireless communication capabilities, the AIS3000 performs nondestructive, on-site evaluation quickly and efficiently.
Advantages of using the AIS3000 include:
The AIS3000 nondestructive NDT testing and inspection machine package includes:
The AIS3000 portable nondestructive testing and inspection machine in action in laboratories and field sites:
Tensile Properties, Residual Stress, Fracture Toughness | AIS3000 Equipment Specification
Size | 5.6 gf / 0.1um | ||
Maximum Load | 300 kgf | ||
Resolutions (Load / Depth) | 5.6 gf / 0.1um | ||
Full Stroke | 40 mm | ||
Loading rate | 0.05 - 60 mm / min | ||
Communication | RS-422/ wireless module | ||
Data acquisition rate | 100 / sec | ||
Adapter | AC 110 V - 220 V | AC 110 - 220 V (free voltage) | |
Battery | Portable battery (Lasts for 10 hrs) | ||
Standard | Lap-top PC (w / SW) | Lap-top PC (w / SW) | |
Special | Rugged Computer (Optional) | ||
WC spherical indenter (Dia. 0.5 / 1.0 mm) Vickers, Rockwell C indenter | WC spherical Indenter (Dia. 0.5 / 1.0 mm) Vickers Indenter | ||
(Select or option) | Field | Multicurve magnet Flat magnet Light-weight mechanical chain U-block (3 - 6inch) Multi-point dovetail slider | |
Laboratory | Precise X-Y axis stage Various vises (plate / clamping jig) | Precise X-Y axis stage Various vises (plate /c lamping jig) |
AIS3000 Residual Stress, Tensile Strength
AIS3000 | Yes | Yes | Extra payment Required for this Option | Extra payment Required for this Option |
Tensile Properties, Residual Stress | AIS Series | Material Verification for API Pipes
/ Microindentation / Macroindentation (Micro AIS / AIS 2100 or AIS3000) | ||
---|---|---|
Instrumented - instrumented does not equal automated continuous depth-sensing (10) | Everything's controlled using computer, continuous indentation test. User selects the method of load control and displacement control then tests with it. continuous indentation test invented back in 1977 (7) | |
Ultra-low load, nano-indentation (0.05 N≤ F ≤0.50 N) (4) (5) | Micro-indentation: 0.1 mN ≤ F ≤ 20 N Macro-indentaiton: 10 mN ≤ F ≤ 3000 N | |
Nano range: h ≤ 0.2 μm (4) (5) | Micro-indentation: 0.01 μm ≤ h ≤ 15 μm Macro-indentaiton: 0.1 μm ≤ h ≤ 40000 μm | |
Pyramidal Berkovich, (4) (5) Small ball indenter (<50μm) rarely used due to unacceptable geometry | Spherical (Not weld & not housing, The gap doesn't exist between indenter and body) Microindentation: ≥25μm Macroindentation: ≥250.μm Micro Vickers / Vickers | |
Curve | Linear | |
No | Yes | |
Analytical and optical | Analytical | |
No calibration blocks exist for Martens hardness or indentation modulus | Load cell calibrated per ASTM E4 and E74 Depth sensor calibration: Cycle is every 250 years (Optical type) | |
Yes | No | |
Yes | N/A | |
No | Yes (No need of reference) Nondestructive (6) (8) | |
No | Yes (No need of reference) Nondestructive (6) (8) | |
No | Yes (No need of reference) Nondestructive (6) (8) | |
No | Yes (No need of reference) Nondestructive (6) (8) | |
Limited 1-lab, 1-machine (nano range), Berkovich indenter. No demonstrated inter-laboratory precision values. Machine was not verified and no calibration blocks used. | Yes, complete 6-lab ILS per ASTM E691, ILS report submitted to ASTM E28 | |
No | Yes (9) | |
Indentation Modulus (3) * Indentation Modulus may or may not correlate to elastic modulus | Yes (No need of reference) (3) Nondestructive | |
Yes - Martens Hardness from quasi-destructive pyramidal Berkovich indenter. Martens hardness cannot be obtained from spherical indenter (3) | Vickers hardness using Instrumented Indentation Technique - IIT (3) | |
Yes | Yes (Micro indentation) | |
Yes | N/A | |
Yes | N/A |